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Английский язык

Контрольная работа №3

Вариант 1

1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные функции слов  it, that, one.

1.The centre of the city is called downtown. It consists of stores, banks, government buildings and cultural attractions.

2. What is it? - It's our new residential area.

3. It was at the end of the 18h century when our town was planned and redesigned.

4. One can find a lot of sights and places of interest in Tver.

5.-Where is that place? - Which one?- The one we talked about yesterday.

6. That suburbs are the places pleasant to live in is a controversial idea.

2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива или инфинитивного оборота.

1. Cities have become very attractive places to live in.

2. To live in cities is convenient but sometimes not very comfortable.

3. To live in the city they had to sell their farm and borrow some money from a bank.

4. The city council is unlikely to authorize a new parking construction.

5. We know the department store to have been built one and a half years ago.

6. In spite of the community's opinion the city council made the company continue

    demolishing the building.

3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая особое внимание на форму и функцию герундия.

1. Moving to the suburbs to avoid the city noise and smoke was their joint decision.
2. They insisted on the resolution being reconsidered.
3. She avoids working downtown as it takes much time to get to.
4. Mr. Smith mentioned having been invited to the exhibition.
5. I am against offering him a new position.
6. I am against being offered a new position.

4. Прочитайте текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык. Выпишите все незнакомые слова с транскрипцией и переведите их. Будьте готовы к чтению и переводу текста с Вашим словарём.

CITIES

(1) A city is a place where thousands or even millions of people live in a very small area. Cities are much larger and more important than towns or villages. Today, about half of the world's population lives in cities.

(2) Today's modern cities often have three characteristic areas. The centre of the city is called downtown. It consists of stores, banks, government buildings and cultural attractions. Many people come to work in the downtown area. In large cities the downtown area is full of skyscrapers. An industrial region with factories, warehouses, mills and other industries lies around the downtown area. Suburbs are the places farthest away from the city centre. They are new residential areas where most people live. Suburbs have their own stores and shopping malls but people often have to travel an hour or longer to work downtown.

(3) Cities have become very attractive places because they offer people not only jobs and work but also many things they can do in their free time. You can go to museums or art exhibitions, relax in public parks, listen to music at concerts or eat out at expensive restaurants that offer food from all over the world. Big department stores give you the pleasure of buying many things without leaving the building.

(4) Cities offer their residents and the people who work there a variety of ways of getting around. Many people walk or ride a bike which is often the fastest way to get around in a crowded city.

 (5) All cities offer at least some forms of public transport: buses, trains or subways that travel underground.

(6) A city has its own government called the city council. The head of a city is its mayor. City governments have many things to care for. They must organize their own police force to protect the citizens and fight crime. They must provide residents with drinking water, electricity, heating hospitals and services to get rid of waste. The city council must decide in which parts of the city new factories or houses can be built.

5. Выпишите из абзацев 2 и 3 предложения с модальными глаголами. Подчеркните в них инфинитив.

6.Выпишите из текста и переведите одно предложение с герундием. Герундий подчеркните.

 

7. Перепишите письменные вопросы и дайте на них ответы. Переведите предложения.

1. What three areas are typical of modern cities?
2. Why have cities become attractive places to live in?
3. What means of public transport does a city offer?
4. Who must protect the citizens and fight crime in cities?

 

THE TOWN OF TVER

The town of Tver stands on the Great Russian River Volga. Tver is one of the oldest Russian towns. It is 12 years older than Moscow. Tver was founded in 1135. It played a great role in the early history of our country. In 1755 Tver became the principle town of the Tver province.

The centre of the town was designed by the wel-known Russian architects Nikitin, Kasakov, and Kvasov at the end of the 18 century. This centre has been preserved to our days. Many beautiful buildings designed by them are examples of Russian architecture: the Imperial Trvel Palace, a number of buildings in Octagonal Square, and on the bank of the Volga River (Stepan Rasin Embankment).

Many famous Russian poets and writers came to Tver many times. Some of them are Pushkin, I A. Krylov, M. Ye. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Monuments to them were erected in our town. On the left bank of the Volga River we can also see the monument merchant Afanasy Nikitin who was the first to travel to and document his visit to India.

In the second part of the 19th century Tver became a large industrial town. Here appeared large textile mills and a railway carriage building plant.

Now Tver is a big industrial centre. Its population is about 500,000. There are many large enterprises of engineering, metal working, textile, chemical, polygraphical and other branches of industry.

Many new modern houses have been built in the former outskirts.

Tver is also a big cultural centre of our country. Its Drama Theatre, Philharmonic Society, Puppet Theatre were built after war. It has many cinemas, clubs palaces of culture, a television centre and many libraries. The Gorky Regional Library founded one hundred years ago is housed in a new building now.

There are many educational establishments in our town. Among them are State University, Technical University, Medical University, Military University, and Agricultural Academy.

The country around Tver is very picturesque. The town grows and becomes mare beautiful from year to year.

 

CIVIL ENGINEERING

The term engineering is a modern one. The New Marriam-Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word engineering as the practical application of scientific and mathematical principles.

Nowadays the term engineering means, as a rule, the art of designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now applied in a more extended sense. It is applied also to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. Engineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine, and sanitary engineering.

While the definition civil engineering dates back only two centuries, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome.

First the word civil engineering was used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a military engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18th century there were two main branches of engineering civil and military. The former included all those branches of the constructive art not directly connected with military operations and the constructions of fortifications, while the latter, military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building materials in the art of war.

 

 

Вариант 2

1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные функции (значения слов)  it, that, one.

1. Modern cities face the same problems. One of them is poor housing.
2. Urban garbage is ugly. It makes cities look dirty, and it spoils the view.
3. It is traffic jams that made the London authorities prohibit free drive in the city centre.
4. One never knows how much cities population will grow in future.

Никто не знает, насколько вырастет население городов в будущем

5. Social problems that face today’s cities are crime, alcoholism and unemployment.
6. That pollution is the greatest disadvantage of the city life of today is not news.

2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива и инфинитивного оборота.

1.  Urban garbage makes modern cities an unhealthy place to live in.
2. To build modern apartment buildings governments must have the money.
3. To build modern apartment buildings is a new governor’s election pledge.
4. Cars and industries are sure to pollute city air more and more.
5. Crime, alcoholism and drug addiction are said to be especially high in cities.
6. We know the local government to have tried some measures to avoid traffic jams.

3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая особое внимание на форму и функцию герундия.

1. Becoming a green city is more complicated than just good planning and stricter codes.
2. They objected to the money being paid before the survey was completed.
3. He mentioned giving good education to his children
4. He mentioned having been given good education.
5. There are different ways of reducing traffic in cities.
6. In spite of a special pass he avoids driving into city centre because of traffic jams.

4. Прочитайте текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык. Выпишите из текста в словарь все незнакомые слова с транскрипцией и переведите их. Будьте готовы к чтению и устному переводу своего текста с вашим словарём.

hut [hʌt] хижина

jam[ʤæm] пробка

can[kæn] банка

landfill[ˈlændfɪl] мусорная свалка

addiction [əˈdɪkʃ(ə)n] наркомания

CITY PROBLEMS AND FUTURE OF CITIES

(1) Modern cities all over the world face in: same problems. One of them is poor housing. People often live in old houses or huts that do not have electricity or sanitation. As city population grows governments do not have the money to build modern apartment buildings.

(2) Pollution is the greatest disadvantage of the city life of today. Cars and industries are polluting city air and rivers more and more. Polluted air is hanging like a brown cloud over cities. Dirt and smoke are pouring from the buildings and factories. Polluted urban air causes respiratory distress particularly in children and elderly people.

(3) The increased number of motor Vehicles not only jams the city streets but pollutes the city air as well. Especially during morning and evening rush hours cities become packed with vehicles. Daily traffic jams make it impossible for people to get to work in time. City authorities are spending more and more money on public transportation and are taking other steps to reduce traffic in cities. A few

years ago the London mayor made people pay to drive their cars into thc city centre.

(4) Urban garbage — like food, paper, and cans -  is one more problem of cities. Waste that people throw away is burned or ends up in landfills. Urban garbage is ugly. It makes the city look dirty, and it spoils the view. All of this makes modem cities an unhealthy place to live in.

(5) Cities of today face many social problems. Crime, alcoholism, and drug addiction are especially high in cities. Many young people are unemployed.

(6) Larger multiethnic cities face conflicts between groups with different cultural backgrounds. Blacks and whites in the USA and South Africa had a violent history in the 20th century. Even though residents of cities have a higher standard of living there remain many poor people. Government organizations work hard to get rid of poverty They try to give such people better education and jobs.

(7) Nevertheless, as the world‘s population is constantly on the rise more and more people are moving to cities. Some local governments are trying to relieve cities of overpopulation by building new towns outside city areas. Cities will have to become greener. Modern buildings will rely on new energy forms. Traffic will have to change drastically.

5. Выпишите из абзацев (1,5) и переведите предложения с инфинитивами.  Инфинитив подчеркните.

1. As city population grows governments do not have the money to build modern apartment buildings.
2. Government organizations work hard to get rid of poverty
3. They try to give such people better education and jobs.

6.Выпишите из текста и переведите предложения с герундием.

1. Even though residents of cities have a higher standard of living there remain many poor people.

2. Some local governments are trying to relieve cities of overpopulation by building new towns outside city areas.

 

7.Перепишите следующие вопросы и дайте письменные ответы. Переведите предложения.

1. What social problems do modern cities face today?

2. How did the London Mayor solve the traffic problem some years ago?

3. What did government do to get rid of poverty?

4.What can building new towns in the suburbs give?

 

Вариант 5

 

 

1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные функции (значения слов)  it, that, one.

1. It is the Burj Dubai. Today it is the tallest skyscraper in the world.

2. It was the end of the 19th century when the first skyscraper appeared.

3. Steel and concrete beams and columns that carry the weight of the superstructure are placed into the foundation.

4. That people can get to all parts of a city with the help of public transport is a great achievement of city authorities.

5. He was the one to build a first skyscraper.

6. Skyscrapers are the world's tallest buildings. They are also the most comfortable ones.

 

2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива и инфинитивного оборота.

1. Skyscrapers are convenient and comfortable buildings to live and work in.

2. To travel long distances to the centre is always a challenge because of the traffic concentration.

3. To travel long distances to the centre they take turns driving each other to work.  

4. We know the Empire State Building in New York to have been the world's highest structure for 40 years from 1932.  

5. A skyscraper is assumed to be the symbol of wealth and power.

6. The noise and chaos of downtowns make people move to the suburbs.

 

3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая особое внимание на форму и функцию герундия.

1. After completing the outside structure the workers began installing elevators.

2. Architects are proud of having designed a skyscraper.

3. Moving away from the downtown and settling down in the suburbs is typical of modern life.

4. We insist on the inside work being finished on time.

5. Architects like being praised by others.

6. Architects hate praising others.

 

4. Прочитайте текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык. Выпишите из текста в словарь все незнакомые слова с транскрипцией и переведите их. Будьте готовы к чтению и устному переводу своего текста с вашим словарём.

MODERN CITIES

(1) In the 20th century cities grew more than ever before. During the early 20th century the construction of tall buildings became very popular in big cities. Tall buildings were also seen as a symbol of power and greatness. Architects discovered a new way to get more space in the city. They built skyscrapers.

(2) Skyscrapers are the world's tallest buildings. They first appeared in New York and Chicago at the end of the 19th century. Skyscrapers are often like small cities. They offer space for offices apartments, shops, hotels, restaurants and other services. Tens of thousands of people live and work there.

(3) Skyscrapers have two parts: the foundation is the part below the ground and the superstructure is the part above the ground. Both sections hold the weight of the building. A skyscraper needs careful planning before it can be built. First a big hole a few storeys deep is dug into the earth. Sometimes this foundation reaches into solid rock. Then steel and concrete beams and columns are placed into it. They carry the weight of the superstructure

(4) When the foundation is finished cranes are used to raise a steel frame up into the sky. As it moves upward other workers lay floors and hang in the outside walls. The complete structure of the skyscraper must be finished before the inside systems can be installed.

(5) Corridors, staircases, elevators, heating systems, air conditioning and electrical systems belong to the most important inner elements of a skyscraper. Although the outside structure can be completed in a few weeks it may take years to finish the whole building.

(6) As time goes on more and more people move away from the inner parts of the city and settle down in the suburbs, which are places where it is quieter and where the quality of life is better. These suburbs become small towns with their own office buildings and shopping centres. Residents can work and live there without having to travel long distances to the centre. Poorer people, however, stay in the centres and form ghettos. They lack the money to buy houses or flats in more expensive suburbs. Today's cities are much larger than cities in previous times. With the help of cars and public transport people can get to all parts of a city very quickly.  

 

5. Выпишите из абзацев (3,4,5) и переведите предложения с инфинитивами.  Инфинитив подчеркните.

 

6.Выпишите из текста и переведите предложения с герундием.

 

7.Перепишите следующие вопросы и дайте письменные ответы. Переведите предложения.

1. Why did the construction of tall buildings become very popular in big cities during the early 20th century?

2. What are skyscrapers like?

3. What is to be finished before fixing inside systems?

4.Why do some people not move out of the city centres?

 

HRM AS A STRATEGIC ACTYVITY

What is the linchpin which puts a particular set of HRM philosophies, approaches and techniques within the context of a specific organization?  According to the theories, this is driven by the strategic role of HRM. It is proposed that all HRM systems and practices should be integrated into a coherent policy and that this is derived from the overall business strategy of the organization. The overall business strategy provides a vision of what the business is about, about where it should be going in the future, and about how it should go about setting and achieving objectives to realize the vision. The process of strategy formulation involves a variety of activities, including the analysis of current strengths and weaknesses, the evaluation of threats from competitors, and the identification of potential opportunities for the future. The end result of this process is the formulation of a set of strategic goals or objectives and the development of a set of policies and procedures to implement these. Since any strategy can only realistically be successfully implemented through the people who make up the organization, HRM clearly has a critical role to play here. But precisely how does HRM strategy link into this process of overall strategy formulation?

At one level, the role of HRM is restricted to that of facilitating a pre-determined business strategy. For example, suppose an organization develops a business strategy which aims to gain competitive advantage by producing, high value added, and high quality products. Part of an HRM strategic objective to support this might be the development of a quality oriented culture within the organization. A number of changes could be introduced to help achieve this objective. For example, communication systems could be introduced continually to reinforce the quality message. Self-managed teams with responsibility for their own quality control could be set up. In order to back up the introduction of self-managed teams, appraisal systems designed to monitor performance might be changed from being carried out on an individual basis to being done on a group basis. This example illustrates both the strategic support role of HRM and the integrative nature of strategic HRM where communication systems, team working, and appraisal systems are considered as a whole in the light of the strategic objective. The reader might like to try to map out an HRM strategy where the strategic plan emphasized high volume low cost products. (2100)

 

HRM (Human Resources Management - Управление человеческими ресурсами) как стратегическая деятельность.