Вариант 1

1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные функции слов  it, that, one.

1.The centre of the city is called downtown. It consists of stores, banks, government buildings and cultural attractions.

2. What is it? - It's our new residential area.

3. It was at the end of the 18h century when our town was planned and redesigned.

4. One can find a lot of sights and places of interest in Tver.

5.-Where is that place? - Which one?- The one we talked about yesterday.

6. That suburbs are the places pleasant to live in is a controversial idea.

2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива или инфинитивного оборота.

1. Cities have become very attractive places to live in.

2. To live in cities is convenient but sometimes not very comfortable.

3. To live in the city they had to sell their farm and borrow some money from a bank.

4. The city council is unlikely to authorize a new parking construction.

5. We know the department store to have been built one and a half years ago.

6. In spite of the community's opinion the city council made the company continue

    demolishing the building.

3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая особое внимание на форму и функцию герундия.

1. Moving to the suburbs to avoid the city noise and smoke was their joint decision.
2. They insisted on the resolution being reconsidered.
3. She avoids working downtown as it takes much time to get to.
4. Mr. Smith mentioned having been invited to the exhibition.
5. I am against offering him a new position.
6. I am against being offered a new position.

4. Прочитайте текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык. Выпишите все незнакомые слова с транскрипцией и переведите их. Будьте готовы к чтению и переводу текста с Вашим словарём.

CITIES

(1) A city is a place where thousands or even millions of people live in a very small area. Cities are much larger and more important than towns or villages. Today, about half of the world's population lives in cities.

(2) Today's modern cities often have three characteristic areas. The centre of the city is called downtown. It consists of stores, banks, government buildings and cultural attractions. Many people come to work in the downtown area. In large cities the downtown area is full of skyscrapers. An industrial region with factories, warehouses, mills and other industries lies around the downtown area. Suburbs are the places farthest away from the city centre. They are new residential areas where most people live. Suburbs have their own stores and shopping malls but people often have to travel an hour or longer to work downtown.

(3) Cities have become very attractive places because they offer people not only jobs and work but also many things they can do in their free time. You can go to museums or art exhibitions, relax in public parks, listen to music at concerts or eat out at expensive restaurants that offer food from all over the world. Big department stores give you the pleasure of buying many things without leaving the building.

(4) Cities offer their residents and the people who work there a variety of ways of getting around. Many people walk or ride a bike which is often the fastest way to get around in a crowded city.

 (5) All cities offer at least some forms of public transport: buses, trains or subways that travel underground.

(6) A city has its own government called the city council. The head of a city is its mayor. City governments have many things to care for. They must organize their own police force to protect the citizens and fight crime. They must provide residents with drinking water, electricity, heating hospitals and services to get rid of waste. The city council must decide in which parts of the city new factories or houses can be built.

5. Выпишите из абзацев 2 и 3 предложения с модальными глаголами. Подчеркните в них инфинитив.

6.Выпишите из текста и переведите одно предложение с герундием. Герундий подчеркните.

7. Перепишите письменные вопросы и дайте на них ответы. Переведите предложения.

1. What three areas are typical of modern cities?
2. Why have cities become attractive places to live in?
3. What means of public transport does a city offer?
4. Who must protect the citizens and fight crime in cities?

THE TOWN OF TVER

The town of Tver stands on the Great Russian River Volga. Tver is one of the oldest Russian towns. It is 12 years older than Moscow. Tver was founded in 1135. It played a great role in the early history of our country. In 1755 Tver became the principle town of the Tver province.

The centre of the town was designed by the wel-known Russian architects Nikitin, Kasakov, and Kvasov at the end of the 18 century. This centre has been preserved to our days. Many beautiful buildings designed by them are examples of Russian architecture: the Imperial Trvel Palace, a number of buildings in Octagonal Square, and on the bank of the Volga River (Stepan Rasin Embankment).

Many famous Russian poets and writers came to Tver many times. Some of them are Pushkin, I A. Krylov, M. Ye. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Monuments to them were erected in our town. On the left bank of the Volga River we can also see the monument merchant Afanasy Nikitin who was the first to travel to and document his visit to India.

In the second part of the 19th century Tver became a large industrial town. Here appeared large textile mills and a railway carriage building plant.

Now Tver is a big industrial centre. Its population is about 500,000. There are many large enterprises of engineering, metal working, textile, chemical, polygraphical and other branches of industry.

Many new modern houses have been built in the former outskirts.

Tver is also a big cultural centre of our country. Its Drama Theatre, Philharmonic Society, Puppet Theatre were built after war. It has many cinemas, clubs palaces of culture, a television centre and many libraries. The Gorky Regional Library founded one hundred years ago is housed in a new building now.

There are many educational establishments in our town. Among them are State University, Technical University, Medical University, Military University, and Agricultural Academy.

The country around Tver is very picturesque. The town grows and becomes mare beautiful from year to year.

CIVIL ENGINEERING

The term engineering is a modern one. The New Marriam-Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word engineering as the practical application of scientific and mathematical principles.

Nowadays the term engineering means, as a rule, the art of designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now applied in a more extended sense. It is applied also to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. Engineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine, and sanitary engineering.

While the definition civil engineering dates back only two centuries, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome.

First the word civil engineering was used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a military engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18th century there were two main branches of engineering civil and military. The former included all those branches of the constructive art not directly connected with military operations and the constructions of fortifications, while the latter, military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building materials in the art of war.